How do MG and LSMMG conditions affect the growth of Salmonella and how can such MG-induced changes in this microbe behavior be a concern in space travel and colonization?

Salmonella, a well-known pathogenic bacterium, experiences particular difficulties and stressors in space, specifically in varying gravity levels. Significant differences in the growth rate, morphology, gene expression, pathogenicity, and biofilm formation of Salmonella spp. have been found in studies examining the dynamics of the organism under microgravity (MG) and low-shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG) settings. Concerns are raised about the possibility of increased pathogenicity and weakened control of Salmonella infections during space missions as a result of these changes in Salmonella behavior in MG and LSMMG environments. Developing solutions to reduce the hazards associated with Salmonella-related infections in space requires an understanding of the mechanisms enabling Salmonella adaptation to MG and LSMMG settings. The results of these investigations also have wider ramifications for how we comprehend microbial behavior and adaptation to extreme environments. In this review, Examine the effects of microgravity and low-shear modeled microgravity conditions on the dynamics of Salmonella and the potential implications of MG and LSMMG-induced changes in Salmonella for future space travel and colonization.